3、 一般以后时
一般以后时由助动词shall或will加动词原型构成,shall用于第一人称,will用于2、三人称。这个时态的一定、否定及疑问机构可表示如下:
I shall go.
I shall not go.
shall I go?
除英国以外的说英语的国家,在陈述句中,即便在第一人称一般也用will,在英国也有这种趋势,在口语中常紧缩为Ill.
一般以后时表示将要发生的动作和状况:
I will arrive tomorrow.
will you be busy tonight?
the agreement will come into force next spring.
we wont be free tonight.
有时表示以后的时间状语,有时没时间状语,这个时候要从意思上判断是不是指将来的动作或状况:
I will think it over.
who will take the chair?
will she come?
they wont object it.
在以i 或 we 作主语的问句中,一般用shall,这个时候或是征求他们的建议(a),或是询问一个状况(b):
a. shall I make a fair copy of it?
which book shall i read first?
where shall we meet?
b. shall we have any classes tomorrow?
when shall we have the rehearsal1?
shall I be able to find them there?
在这种问句中,近年来也有不少人用will,尤其是美国。
what will we do?
how will get there?
which will I take?
注意在时间或条件状语从句中,一般不可以用以后时态,而用目前时态代替:
Ill let you have the book when im through.
theyll fight till they win complete victory2.
Ill be round to see you if i have time tomorrow.
注:在两种状况下条件从句可以用一般以后时:
1. 表示愿望:
if they wont cooperate3, our plan will fall flat.
2.主句的谓语表时目前的状况:
if he wont arrive this morning, why should we wait here。
表示将要发生的动作或状况,除去一般以后时外,还有一些其他结构和时态:
1. be going +不定式(表计划、筹备作的事或马上发生或一定要发生的事):
we re going to put up a building here.
how are you going to spend your holiday?
who is going to speak first?
2. be +不定式(表示按计划安排要发生的事或用来征求他们的建议):
when is the factory to go into production?
the line is to be opened to traffic next week.
Am I to go on with the work?
3.一般目前时(限于某些动词,表示按计划或时刻要发生的事):
school finishes on january 18th.
we get off at the next sTOP.
when does the winter vacation begin?
4.目前进行时(限于某些动词,表示按计划安排要发生的事):
we are having an english evening tonight.
they are playing some folk4 music next.
I am talking the children to the zoo .
在单纯表示以后状况,尤其是谈一连串的事情或在带时间或条件状语从句的句子中,谓语多用以后时:
next term i will try to do better. Ill speak more english and do more reading-aloud.
hell come to see you when he has time.
hell tell you if you ask him.
在表示计划或筹备时,如不提时间、条件等,多用be going to这个结构,用一般以后时时极少的,尤其是在口语中:
he is going to buy a dictionary.
在谈马上发生的状况时,用be going to 这个结构也多一些。在表示按计划安排要做得事时,用be to 的时候也不少。另外还有以后进行时等时态也可表示以后的动作。
注:be about to 可表示马上作某事
we are about to leave.
he is about to retire.
一般以后时有时还可用来表示一种倾向或习惯性动作:
a drowning man will catch at a straw5.
crops will die without water.
oil will float on water.
注:这一时态有时用来表示揣测(a)或容量(b):
a. that man in the middle will be the visiting minister.
b. the hall will seat 500people.