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Questions 1-11
Before the 1500's,the western plains of North America were dominated by farmers.One group,the Mandans,lived in the upper Missouri River country,primarily in present-day North Dakota.They had large villages of houses built close together.The tight arrangement enabled the Mandans to protect themselves more easily from the attacks of others who might seek to obtain some of the food these highly capable farmers stored from one year to the next.
The women had primary responsibility for the fields.They had to exercise considerable skill to produce the desired results,for their northern location meant fleeting1 growing seasons.Winter often lingered;autumn could be ushered2 in by severe frost.For good measure,during the spring and summer,drought,heat,hail,grasshoppers,and other frustrations3 might await the wary4 grower.
Under such conditions,Mandan women had to grow maize5 capable of weathering adversity.They began as early as it appeared feasible to do so in the spring.clearing the land,using fire to clear stubble from the fields and then planting.From this point until the first green corn could be harvested,the crop required labor6 and vigilance.
Harvesting proceeded in two stages.In August the Mandans picked a smaller amount of the crop before it had matured fully7.This green corn was boiled,dried,and shelled,with some of the maize slated8 for immediate9 consumption and the rest stored in animal-skin bags.Later in the fall,the people picked corn.They saved the best of the harvest for seeds or for trade,with the remainder eaten right away or stored for later use in underground reserves.With appropriate banking10 of the extra food,the Mandans protected themselves against the disaster of crop failure and accompanying hunger.
The women planted another staple,squash,about the first of June,and harvested it near the time of the green corn harvest.After they picked it,they sliced it,dried it,and strung the slices before they stored them.once again,they saved the seed from the best of the year's crop.The Mandans also grew sunflowers and tobacco;the latter was the particular task of the old men.
1.The Mandans built their houses close together in order to
guard their supplies of food
protect themselves against the weather
allow more room for growing corn
share farming implements11
2.The word enabledin line 4is closest in meaning to
covered
reminded
helped
isolated
3.The word considerablein line 8is closest in meaning to
planning
much
physical
flew
4.Why does the author believe that the Mandans were skilled farmers?
They developed effective fertilizers.
They developed new varieties of corn.
They could grow crops in most types of soil.
They could grow crops despite adverse12 weather
5.Tile word consumptionin line 18is closest in meaning to
decay
planting
eating
conversion
6.Which of the following processes does the author imply was done by both men and women?
Clearing fields
Planting corn
Harvesting corn
harvesting squash.
7.The word disasterin line 22is closest in meaning to
control
catastrophe
avoidance
history
8.According to the passage,the Mandans preserved their food by
smoking
drying
freezing.
salting
9.The word itin line 25refers to
June
corn
time
squash
10.Which of the following crops was cultivated primarily by men
Corn
Squash
Sunflower
Tobacco
