A even if(=even though即使)
请比较下面两个例句:
You must go tomorrow if you are ready.
假如你筹备好了,明天你需要走。
You must go tomorrow even if you arent ready.
就算你没筹备好,明天你也得走。
B whetheror(=ifor是不是)
You must go tomorrow whether you are ready or not.
无论你明天是不是筹备好了,你都需要走。
C unless+一定动词(=if+否定动词除非)
Unless you start at once youll be late.等于:
If you dont start at once youll be late.
除非你立即动身,不然你就会迟到。
Unless you had a permit1 you couldnt get a job.等于:
If you hadnt a permit you couldnt get a job.
除非你有执照,不然你就找不到工作。
注意下面两个例句间有什么区别:
(a) Dont call me if you need help.
假如你需要帮助的话,别打电话找我。
(b) Dont call me unless you need help.
除非你需要帮助不然别打电话找我。
在例句(a)中,即便在他们需要帮助的时候,说话人也不想去帮助他们。在例句(b)中,在他们需要帮助的时候,说话人想帮助他们,但说话人不想他们在不重要的时候打电话找自己。
unless+hed/youd like/prefer等一般可用来代替 if he/you wouldnt like等:
Ill ask Tom,unless youd prefer me to ask/unless youd rather I asked Bill.
我去问汤姆,除非你宁可叫我去问比尔。
D but for(=if it were not for/if it hadnt been for不然)
My father pays me fees2.But for that I wouldnt be here.
我爸爸给我一笔补贴费。不然我就不会在这里了。
The car broke down. But for that we would have been in time.
汽车出问题了。要不是那个大家会准时赶到的。
E otherwise(=if this doesnt happen/didnt happen/hadnt happened不然)
We must be back before midnight; otherwise well be locked out.
大家需要在午夜之前赶回去,不然大家就会被锁在门外。等于:
If we are not back by midnight well be locked out.
假如大家不在午夜之前赶回去,大家就会被锁在门外。
Her father pays her fees;otherwise she wouldnt be here.
她的成本是她的爸爸付的,不然她就不会在这里。等于:
If her father didnt pay her fees she wouldnt be here.
如果她的爸爸不付她的成本,她就不会在这里了。
I used my calculator3; otherwise Id have taken longer.
我用了计算器,不然我花的时间就会更多。等于:
If I hadnt used my calculator Id have taken longer.
如果我没用计算器,我花的时间就会更多。
F 在平时英语中 or(+else)可以代替 otherwise:
We must be early or(else) we wont get a seat.
大家需要早去,不然就不会有座位了。
G 存在强烈的限制或约束的意思时,provided4(that)可以代替if。它主要用来表示允许:
You can camp here provided you leave no mess.
你们假如维持整洁的话,可以在这里宿营。
H suppose/supposing?(=what if?倘若)
Suppose the plane is late?等于:
What if/What will happen if the plane is late?
倘若飞机误点的话,将会出现那种情况?
Suppose no one had been there?等于:
What if no one had been there?
倘若无人去过那里的话,会如何?
suppose也可以引出建议:
Suppose you ask him?/Why dont you ask him?
倘若你问一问他呢?/你为何不问一问他呢?