05） The Beginning of Drama（戏剧的由来）
There are many theories about the beginning of drama in ancient Greece.
The one most widely accepted today is based on the assumption that drama evolved from ritual. The argument for this view goes as follows. In the beginning, human beings viewed the natural forces of the world - even the seasonal changes - as unpredictable, and they sought through various means to control these unknown and feared powers. Those measures which
appeared to bring the desired results were then retained and
repeated until they hardened into fixed rituals. Eventually stories arose which explained or veiled the mysteries of the rites. As time passed some rituals were abandoned, but the stories, later called myths, persisted and provided material for art and drama.
Those who believe that drama evolved out of ritual also argue that those rites contained the seed of theater because music, dance, masks, and cosplaytumes were almost always used. Furthermore, a suitable site had to be provided for performances and when the entire community did not participate, a clear division was usually made between the acting area and the auditorium. In addition, there were performers, and, since
considerable importance was attached to avoiding mistakes in the enactment of rites, religious leaders usually assumed that task. Wearing masks and cosplaytumes, they often impersonated other people, animals, or supernatural beings, and mimed the desired effect -- success in hunt or battle, the coming rain, the revival of the Sun -- as an actor might.
Eventually such dramatic representations were separated from religious activities.
Another theory traces the theaters origin from the human interest in storytelling. According to this view tales are gradually elaborated, at first through the use of impersonation, action, and dialogue by a narrator and then through the assumption of each of the roles by a different person. A closely related theory traces theater
to those dances that are primarily rhythmical and gymnastic or that are imitations of animal movements and sounds.
关于古希腊戏剧的由来存在着多种理论，其中一个最常见为人同意的理论 假设觉得戏剧从仪式演化而来。
这个看法是如此进行论证的：刚开始，免费学习英语网站，人类把世界上的自 然力量，甚至季节的变化都看成是不可预料的。 他们试图通过各种方法去控制这类未知的、让人恐惧的力量。 那些好像带来了认可结果的方法就被保留下来并且重复直到这类方法固 化为不变的仪式，最后产生了可以讲解或者掩盖这类仪式神秘性的故事。
伴随时间的推移， 一些仪式被废弃了，但这类后来被称作神话的故事流传下来并且为艺术和戏剧提供了素材。觉得戏剧从仪式演化而来的大家还觉得那些仪式包括了戏剧的基本原因，由于音乐、舞蹈、
面具和服饰几乎常常被用，而且，需要为演出提供一个适合的地址；假如不是整个社区共 同参加演出，常常在演出区和观众席之间划分出明显的分界。
另外，仪式中还有演员， 而且宗教领袖一般承担演出任务，由于在仪式的实行中防止错误的发生被觉得有相当大的重
要性；他们常常携带面具，穿着服饰象演员那样饰演其它人、动物或超自然的生灵，用动作来表演以达到所需要的成效，譬如狩猎的成功或战斗的胜利、将至的雨、太阳的复活。 最 后这类戏剧性的表演从宗教活动中离别了出来。
另一个追溯戏剧起源的理论觉得它来自人 们对叙述故事的兴趣。 依据这个看法，故事是渐渐丰富起 来的。
第一通过一个解说人来运用模仿、表演和对话，然后再由不一样的人饰演各自的角色；
另一个与之紧密有关的理论将戏剧的由来追溯至舞蹈，免费学习英语网站，这类舞蹈大体上是有步伐感的和体操 式的那一类，或者是对动物动作和声音的模仿。
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